A submarine sandwich, often called a sub, is a type of American sandwich that can be served cold or hot. It is made using a submarine roll, which is a long bread roll that is cut along its length and filled with meats, cheeses, vegetables, and sauces.

In the United States and other English-speaking countries, the term "sub" is commonly used for both the bread roll and the sandwich made with it. However, different regions have their own names for this type of sandwich. For example, in Philadelphia and Western Pennsylvania, it is called a hoagie. In New York City, it is known as a hero. In Maine, it is referred to as a Maine Italian. In New England and parts of New York, it is called a grinder or wedge. In Boston, it is sometimes called a spuckie.

History

This type of sandwich began in several Italian-American neighborhoods in the northeastern United States between the late 1800s and the middle 1900s. The sandwich became popular in areas such as Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Over time, its popularity spread across the United States, especially as pizza restaurants added the sub to their menus.

According to John Mariani in his book America Eats Out (page 66), as the sandwich became more well-known, small restaurants called hoagie shops or sub shops, which focused on selling this type of sandwich, started opening in many places across the United States. Today, there are many chain restaurants that specialize in subs. The sandwich is also commonly found in supermarkets, local delis, and convenience stores. For example, Wawa, a company that holds a special summer event called Hoagiefest every year, and Publix, a store chain known for its sandwiches, which are sometimes called "pub subs."

Etymology

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In a 1987 article in American Speech, linguists Edwin Eames and Howard Robboy identified thirteen different terms for the submarine sandwich in the United States.

The use of the term "submarine" or "sub" (because of the shape of the roll resembling a submarine) is widespread in the United States and Canada. Some sources say the name came from New London, Connecticut, where a United States Navy submarine base has been since 1915. Written advertisements from 1940 in Wilmington, Delaware, show that the term was used before the United States entered World War II.

One theory says the submarine sandwich was brought to the U.S. by Dominic Conti (1874–1954), an Italian immigrant who came to New York in the late 19th century. He supposedly named it "submarine roll" after seeing the recovered 1901 submarine called Fenian Ram in the Paterson Museum of New Jersey in 1928. His granddaughter said:

The term "hoagie" originated in the Philadelphia area. There are several theories about the origin of the term:

• In 1953, a letter to the Philadelphia Bulletin said that Italian-Americans working at the World War I-era shipyard known as Hog Island, where emergency shipping was made for the war effort, introduced the sandwich by putting various meats, cheeses, and lettuce between two slices of bread. This became known as the "Hog Island" sandwich; later shortened to "Hoggies" and then "hoagie."
• Dictionary.com says the term "hoagie" comes from American English, originally used in Philadelphia. It was once called "hoggie" (around 1936) and is sometimes said to be named after the jazz musician Hoagy Carmichael (1899–1981). However, the word was used before Carmichael became famous, and the original spelling may suggest another source, like "hog." The spelling "hoagie" became common around 1945 and may have been influenced by Carmichael's nickname.
• The Philadelphia Almanac and Citizen's Manual says the sandwich was created by early 20th-century street vendors called "hokey-pokey men," who sold antipasto salad, meats, cookies, and buns with a cut in them. When Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta H.M.S. Pinafore opened in Philadelphia in 1879, bakeries made a long loaf called the "pinafore." Entrepreneurial "hokey-pokey men" sliced the loaf in half, stuffed it with antipasto salad, and sold the world's first "hoagie." This theory seems unlikely, as "hokey pokey" men were known for selling ice cream.
• Another explanation is that the word "hoagie" came from the Italian community in South Philadelphia in the late 19th to early 20th centuries. At the time, "on the hoke" meant someone was poor. Deli owners gave away scraps of cheese and meat in an Italian bread-roll called a "hokie," but Italian immigrants pronounced it "hoagie."
• Another possible origin, as said by Sociology professor Howard Robboy, is that a man in Philadelphia named Alphonso DePalma, who later opened a sandwich shop, claimed in 1928 to have said, "You have to be a hog to eat one of those." DePalma called himself "King of the Hoggies" (and later "Hoagies") and had several "hoggie" shops around the city.

After World War II, many different names for the sandwich were used in Philadelphia. By the 1940s, the spelling "hoagie" became more common than other variations like "hoogie" and "hoggie." By 1955, restaurants in the area used the term "hoagie." Listings in Pittsburgh show "hoagies" arriving in 1961 and becoming widespread in that city by 1966.

Former Philadelphia mayor (and later Pennsylvania governor) Ed Rendell declared the hoagie to be the "Official Sandwich of Philadelphia." However, some say the hoagie actually came from nearby Chester, Pennsylvania. DiCostanza's in Boothwyn, Pennsylvania, claims that the mother of the owner created the hoagie in 1925 in Chester. DiCostanza says a customer came into the family deli and through an exchange of requests and the deli's offerings, the hoagie was created. Other spellings include "hoagy." Today, the hoagie is a common menu item in Philadelphia delis. Restaurants such as Campo's, Geno's Steaks, and Pat's King of Steaks all offer hoagies on their menus.

Woolworth's to-go sandwich was called a hoagie in all of its U.S. stores. Bánh mì sandwiches are sometimes called "Vietnamese hoagies" in Philadelphia.

The New York term "hero" is first recorded in 1937. The name is sometimes credited to the New York Herald Tribune food writer Clementine Paddleford in the 1930s, but there is no strong evidence for this. It is also sometimes said to be related to the gyro, but that is unlikely because the gyro was not known in the United States until the 1960s. "Hero" (plural usually "heros" not "heroes") remains the common term in New York City for most sandwiches on an oblong roll with an Italian flavor, including the original version. Pizzeria menus often include eggplant parmigiana, chicken parmigiana, and meatball heros, each served with sauce.

A common term in New England, especially Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, is "grinder." Its origin has several possibilities. One theory says it comes from Italian-American slang for a dock worker, among whom the sandwich was popular. Others say it was called a "grinder" because the bread's hard crust required a lot of chewing, and it would "grind" one's teeth. In Pennsylvania, New York, and parts of New England, the term "grinder" usually refers to a hot submarine sandwich (meatball, sausage, etc.), whereas a cold sandwich (like cold cuts) is usually called a "sub." In the Philadelphia area, the term "grinder" is also used for any hoagie that is toasted in the oven after assembly, whether or not it has hot ingredients.

The term "Maine Italian" or simply "Italian" is used in Maine. Local stories say a baker named Giovanni Amato invented the Italian in 1899.

The traditional Maine Italian sandwich is made using a long, soft bread roll or bun with ham and bologna, along with American cheese, tomato, onion, green bell pepper, Greek olives, pickles, olive oil or salad oil, salt, and cracked black pepper. Additional ingredients like pepperoni, banana pepper, or lettuce may be added to the sandwich. The sandwich is often cut in half to make it easier to handle.

The term "wedge" is used in the New York counties of Dutchess, Putnam, and Westchester, as well as the Connecticut county of Fairfield—four counties directly north of New York City. Some say the name comes from a diagonal cut in the middle of the sandwich, creating two halves or "wedges," or a "wedge" cut out of the top half of the bread with the fillings "wedged" in between, or a sandwich served between two "wedges" of bread. It has been said that "wedge" is short for "sandwich," with the name coming from an Italian deli owner in Yonkers who got tired of saying the whole word. "Wedge" or "wedgie" can also refer to a northeastern deli meat sandwich cooked on pizza dough or a style of club sandwich.

The term "spukie" ("spukkie" or "spuckie") is unique to Boston and comes from the Italian word spuccadella, meaning "long roll." The word spuccadella is not usually found in Italian dictionaries, which may mean it is a regional Italian dialect or a Boston Italian-American innovation. "Spukie" is typically heard in parts of Dorchester and South Boston. Some bakeries in Boston's North End neighborhood sell homemade spuccadellas.

• Blimpie (shaped like a blimp) – from the Hoboken, New Jersey-founded chain, Blimpie
• Po' boy – Louisiana
• Cosmo – Williamsport, Pennsylvania
• Zep (short for zeppelin)

International popularity

Subs, or their national equivalents, were already popular in many European, Asian, and Australian and New Zealand countries before fast food chains like Subway and other restaurant outlets in the late 20th century made them even more popular. This increased the common use of the word "sub." Many restaurants now offer unusual combinations of ingredients. Major international chains include Firehouse Subs, Quiznos, Mr. Sub, Jersey Mike's, Jimmy John's, Potbelly Sandwich Shop, and Subway, which is the largest restaurant chain in the world.